Figure 1: Illustration of proposed SRCF attack and ARCF post-training framework. Left panel: Under the SRCF attack, the input queries are prepended by a few-shot conversations that contain counter-aligned CoTs, leading to over-refusal for benign queries or unsafe generation for harmful queries. Right panel: ARCF improves both helpfulness and safety of LRMs by training the model to recover correct behavior from counter-aligned few-shot conversations under aligned supervision. However, large context windows significantly expand the attack surface of LRMs in few-shot conversational settings. Adversaries can inject harmful instructions or responses in prepended conversations, which may subsequently influence the model’s reasoning behavior and response. Despite this risk, most existing adversarial studies on LRMs [15](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib48); [5](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib49); [25](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib46); [34](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib43); [60](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib47); [32](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib42) mainly manipulate the input query in isolation, while largely ignoring the expanded attack surface introduced by conversational context. Separately, the prior few-shot jailbreaking works [44](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib41); [62](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib40); [41](https://arxiv.org/html/#bib.bib30) focus on standard LLMs, whose chat templates do not support adding explicit CoT traces in conversations. Therefore, it remains unclear whether LRMs can preserve safety and helpfulness when their own few-shot conversations contain counter-aligned CoT traces. 出處: Alignment of LRMs via Counter-Aligned Few-Shot Conversation Exposure(arXiv)