Figure 1: Illustration of the dynamic interaction scenario and the iterative “Interact-Collect-Optimize” loop. (a) Interaction & Sparse Feedback: During session tt, for each user, the assistant πθt\\pi\_{\\theta\_{t}} generates a response to the query, guided by the user-specific personalized embedding. If it fails to align with the user’s hidden preferences ηi\\eta\_{i}, explicit feedback (textual fitf\_{i}^{t} and numerical sits\_{i}^{t}) is provided sparsely with probability pp. (b) Data Collection & Optimization: Interaction data 𝒟1t\\mathcal{D}\_{1}^{t} (without feedback) and 𝒟2t\\mathcal{D}\_{2}^{t} (with feedback) are collected to iteratively optimize the model. (c) Subsequent Interaction & Improvement: When encountering a query involving the similar preference in subsequent sessions t+kt+k, the updated assistant πθt+k\\pi\_{\\theta\_{t+k}} successfully incorporates learned preferences to provide a personalized response.## 2 Setup 出处: COPE: Continual Personalization of LLMs under Sparse User Feedback via User Embeddings and Self-Evaluation(arXiv)Figure 6: Schematic illustration of personalized embedding integration and the forward computation and backward optimization of the three objectives in the optimization stage of COPE. Personalized embeddings are implemented as ll virtual tokens and prepended to the text embeddings to provide user-specific guidance. For clarity, the assistant model is conceptually decomposed into an embedding layer and a decoder to explicitly visualize the embedding of textual inputs and their concatenation with personalized embeddings, although both components belong to the same assistant model. Two different system prompts are used: a response-generation prompt (pink) and a self-evaluation prompt (green), both of which are provided in our code repository. Trainable parameters under each objective are marked with spark icons, while frozen parameters are indicated by snowflake icons.## Appendix E Illustration of Personalized Embedding Integration and Optimization Flow 出处: COPE: Continual Personalization of LLMs under Sparse User Feedback via User Embeddings and Self-Evaluation(arXiv)